Legal Analysis.
Regulatory Intelligence.
Jurisprudence.

Ireland's Arbitration Act 2010 lets parties agree to an arbitral award without reasons under Article 31(2) of the Model Law. What that agreement requires, the form rules that still apply, and the costs, interest and sale-of-goods remedies framework that governs commercial awards.

A termination clause letting the company alone decide whether a distributor's outstanding dues are settled in cash or in goods invites challenge under Section 23 of the Contract Act. Why unilateral settlement discretion fails the Brojo Nath Ganguly test, and how to redraft it.

An Indian professional who becomes a US tax resident and then claims UAE residency before selling shares in a US company runs into Section 6(1A) deemed residency, GAAR and the indirect-transfer rules. Why the zero-tax exit rarely survives scrutiny under Indian law.

Physical share transfers on Form SH-4 attract stamp duty at 0.015% of consideration under Article 62 of the Indian Stamp Act, 1899, payable by the transferor, uniform across India. The rate, valuation base, payment mechanics and the dematerialisation deadline now curtailing the physical route.

Since the 2018 amendment, specific performance is the rule, not the exception. What a tenant holding a notarised but repudiated lease deed must plead and prove: readiness and willingness, mandatory injunction, interim protection and court fees.

Indian law confines set-off and withholding to genuinely disputed, documented amounts. Section 59 of the Contract Act, mandatory MSMED interest, TDS mechanics and GST input-credit risk shape every payment clause in an Indian service agreement.

Section 335(3) of the IRDA lets the court compel third parties, including a bankrupt's relatives, to be examined and produce documents. How the two-stage Celestial test works, why oral examination is more vulnerable than document production, and the real limits, fishing expeditions, oppression and p

Section 27(5) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 lets a court punish contempt of an arbitral tribunal, but only on the tribunal's representation and only for wilful default. The defences a respondent can raise, from procedural prerequisites to strict construction and natural justice.