Sushant Shukla

The MSMED Act, 2006 gives micro and small suppliers a 45-day payment mandate, mandatory compound interest, and a dedicated facilitation council that overrides ordinary arbitration agreements.

A clickwrap NDA gating access to a virtual data room is a valid electronic contract under Section 10A of the IT Act, but its enforceability turns on clear terms, provable assent, verified identity and an unresolved stamp-duty question. The doctrine explained.

A trademark search is the due-diligence step that decides whether a brand is safe to file. This is how the IP India registry works, the three search types, why the Nice class matters, how to read a mark's status, and where the free public search stops and professional clearance begins.

A loan-recall notice from a fintech NBFC is not self-executing. It must comply with the RBI Fair Practices Code, the Digital Lending Directions 2025 and the loan agreement itself. A map of the borrower's rights, defences and remedies.

A valid Indian employment agreement must satisfy the Contract Act, the newly notified Labour Codes and a layer of statutory minima on wages, social security, leave, POSH and data protection, none of which can be contracted away. A clause-by-clause account of what the law requires and what it will no

A stage-by-stage guide to arbitration under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, from agreement to enforcement, and how online dispute resolution fits within the existing framework.

Ireland's Arbitration Act 2010 lets parties agree to an arbitral award without reasons under Article 31(2) of the Model Law. What that agreement requires, the form rules that still apply, and the costs, interest and sale-of-goods remedies framework that governs commercial awards.

A termination clause letting the company alone decide whether a distributor's outstanding dues are settled in cash or in goods invites challenge under Section 23 of the Contract Act. Why unilateral settlement discretion fails the Brojo Nath Ganguly test, and how to redraft it.

An Indian professional who becomes a US tax resident and then claims UAE residency before selling shares in a US company runs into Section 6(1A) deemed residency, GAAR and the indirect-transfer rules. Why the zero-tax exit rarely survives scrutiny under Indian law.

Physical share transfers on Form SH-4 attract stamp duty at 0.015% of consideration under Article 62 of the Indian Stamp Act, 1899, payable by the transferor, uniform across India. The rate, valuation base, payment mechanics and the dematerialisation deadline now curtailing the physical route.

Since the 2018 amendment, specific performance is the rule, not the exception. What a tenant holding a notarised but repudiated lease deed must plead and prove: readiness and willingness, mandatory injunction, interim protection and court fees.

Indian law confines set-off and withholding to genuinely disputed, documented amounts. Section 59 of the Contract Act, mandatory MSMED interest, TDS mechanics and GST input-credit risk shape every payment clause in an Indian service agreement.

Section 335(3) of the IRDA lets the court compel third parties, including a bankrupt's relatives, to be examined and produce documents. How the two-stage Celestial test works, why oral examination is more vulnerable than document production, and the real limits, fishing expeditions, oppression and p

Section 27(5) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 lets a court punish contempt of an arbitral tribunal, but only on the tribunal's representation and only for wilful default. The defences a respondent can raise, from procedural prerequisites to strict construction and natural justice.

After the Constitution Bench in Indore Development Authority, deemed lapse under Section 24(2) requires both non-possession and non-payment. This explains the doctrine, its limits, and the surviving grounds of challenge.

A co-owner of land in Singapore can apply for a court-ordered sale in lieu of partition where it is necessary or expedient. How the "necessary or expedient" test works, what happens when a co-owner is deceased with an unadministered estate or lacks mental capacity, and why an uncooperative co-owner

Sections 31 to 33 of the Specific Relief Act let courts cancel void or voidable sale deeds. The recognised grounds, the void-voidable divide, the three-year limitation rule, burden of proof, and when refund of consideration is ordered.

Article 22(1) and Section 47 BNSS (formerly Section 50 CrPC) oblige the police to communicate grounds of arrest and permit family notification. Joginder Kumar, D.K. Basu and Nilabati Behera make breaches punishable and compensable: the State is strictly liable, with no sovereign immunity.

Parties often style long-term occupation arrangements as "Right to Use" agreements to avoid the consequences of a sub-lease. Whether that label holds depends on substance: exclusive possession, registration, GST, TDS and the covenants in the head lease.

A valid PMJAY or state health-scheme card is a constitutional promise, not charity. The Article 21, Article 14 and writ-law grounds on which beneficiaries can challenge denial of covered, life-saving treatment by empanelled hospitals and scheme authorities.

A lessee lets a company operate from leased premises for a revenue share, then assigns the income to a partnership firm. Each step is lawful in isolation; together they invite recharacterisation as application of income, TDS disputes, GST mismatches and GAAR scrutiny.

A residential rental agreement in India is governed by the Transfer of Property Act 1882 and must satisfy registration and stamp duty law, with the Model Tenancy Act 2021 setting the emerging best practice. How the lease-versus-licence choice, the one-year registration line and state stamp rates fit

A private company trading purely on its shareholders' capital, with no public deposits and no customers, is not forced to register as an NBFC merely because its paid-up capital crosses Rs 10 crore. The determinant is the 50-50 principal business test.

Sections 31A of the Air Act and 33A of the Water Act let pollution control boards order an industry's closure, but only after a reasoned show-cause notice, a fair hearing and facility-specific evidence. How closure directions, environmental compensation and the appeal routes actually work.