Religious conversion under Muslim law affects inheritance, marriage, maintenance, and guardianship. Apostasy dissolves a husband’s marriage, while a wife must seek divorce. Converts gain inheritance rights under Muslim law but lose them from non-Muslim relatives, balancing faith and legal status.

The SC upheld the UP Madarsa Act, balancing state regulation with minority rights, emphasizing secularism as coexistence, not negation, ensuring quality education without infringing religious freedoms.