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One Crop Loan, Five Regulatory Frameworks
This is what Indian banking regulation looks like at the point of contact with the borrower it was built to serve.
Financial Inclusion vs. KYC: The Regulatory Tension
On August 16, 2002, the very first KYC circular contained a sentence that would define a regulatory tension lasting over two decades:
When a Co-operative Bank Does Forex
This article maps what happens when a UCB handles a foreign exchange transaction, tracing the compliance obligations through the KYC/AML framework, the FEMA authorised dealer framework, and the co-operative bank prudential norms.
The November 2025 Consolidation: 9,445 Circulars Withdrawn
This article explains what changed, what didn't, and what the new architecture looks like across all three regulatory domains.
How PMC Bank Failed: A Regulatory Autopsy
Every one of the 21,049 fictitious accounts should have been flagged at the point of creation. The KYC framework requires:
Cyber Security & IT Framework
See also: [Related: Digital Payments] (payment security) | [Related: Co-operative Banks] (UCB CBS rollout) | [Related: Regional Rural Banks] (RRB technology)
Licensing & Authorization: Complete Timeline
See also: [Related: Co-operative Banks] (UCB licensing moratorium and SAF) | [Related: Regional Rural Banks] (RRB branch licensing)
Basel Capital Adequacy: Complete Timeline
See also: [Related: NBFC Regulation] | [Related: Co-operative Banks] | [Related: G-Sec & Money Market]
Interest Rate Policy: Complete Timeline
2,388 notifications trace this evolution. 250 are unique to this topic — primarily the export credit interest rate circulars (revised seasonally), the exchange-traded interest rate derivatives framework, and the penal charges reform of August 2023.
Non-Performing Assets & Loan Recovery: Complete Timeline
This article focuses on what's unique to the NPA chain: the evolution of recognition norms, the provisioning framework, floating provisions, infrastructure project asset classification, and the Provisioning Coverage Ratio.
ARCs, SARFAESI & Loan Transfer Framework
122 securitisation framework notifications, 96 ARC notifications, 27 direct assignment notifications, and 58 recovery/enforcement notifications build this market.
Stressed Asset Resolution & NPA Framework
See also: [Related: Securitisation & Asset Reconstruction] | [Related: How PMC Bank Failed]
Securitisation & Asset Reconstruction: Complete Timeline
807 notifications trace this evolution. 270 are unique to this topic.
Payment Systems: NEFT, RTGS, PA/PG Framework
158 payment system notifications, 92 NEFT/RTGS notifications, 25 payment aggregator notifications, and 50 ECS/NACH notifications build this infrastructure.
Cards, PPIs & Tokenisation
481 card-related notifications, 84 PPI notifications, and 8 tokenisation notifications trace this evolution.
Digital Payments & UPI: The Complete Timeline
900 notifications trace this evolution — from the first mobile banking operative guidelines to the comprehensive Payment Aggregator framework.
Trading Infrastructure: NDS, SGL & Primary Dealers
This infrastructure — built over two decades through 611 NDS/SGL notifications, 807 Primary Dealer notifications, and 741 auction notifications — is what makes the G-Sec market liquid enough to serve as the transmission mechanism for monetary policy.
SLR, CRR & the Liquidity Adjustment Framework
228 notifications govern SLR and investment classification. 213 govern CRR. 595 govern the LAF/Repo/MSF/SDF corridor that sits on top of these structural tools.
Government Securities & Money Market: Complete Timeline
The Negotiated Dealing System — Order Matching (NDS-OM) is the anonymous electronic trading platform for G-Secs, operated by the RBI. 611 notifications relate to NDS/SGL trading infrastructure — the largest sub-topic.
Unclaimed Deposits & the DEAF Fund
See also: [Related: Deposit & Savings Regulation] | [Related: Financial Inclusion vs. KYC Tension]
Interest Rate Chain: From Repo to Savings Account
See also: [Related: Deposit & Savings Regulation]
Deposit & Savings Regulation: The Complete Timeline
One exception — deceased depositor's balance: *"Balances lying in current account standing in the name of a deceased individual depositor or sole proprietorship concern shall attract interest from the date of death till the date of repayment at the rate applicable to savings deposit."*
Lead Bank Scheme & District Credit Planning
204 notifications build and maintain this infrastructure, from the participation of MPs in review committees to the format of progress reports.
PSL Targets, Shortfall Penalties & PSLCs
213 notifications define, revise, phase in, and enforce these targets across different entity types. This chain includes the most-referenced PSL documents in the dataset.