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Navigating without a Helmsman vis-à-vis liability for Maritime autonomous surface ships under Singapore Law
Maritime tort law assumes a human helmsman whose negligence can be tested against the reasonable mariner. Autonomous vessels obliterate that assumption. This article maps how Singapore's Spandeck framework, COLREGs, and limitation regimes hold — or fail — when no one is at the wheel.
Singapore Rifle Association v Singapore Shooting Association [2018] SGCA 42
An occupier does not owe a duty of care to a lawful entrant if the occupier has relinquished control over the premises to a third party during the period in which the alleged negligence occurred.