Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOS) is a forensic technique that detects experiential knowledge through brain activity. Used in Indian courts, it serves as corroborative evidence. While innovative, its legal validity and ethical implications remain debated.

Expert evidence must rely on scientific methodology, adequately explained and backed by credible data, allowing courts to independently evaluate its accuracy and reliability

In Nanchand Gangaram v. Malappa Mahalingappa (AIR 1976 SC 835), the Supreme Court held that Section 45 of the Indian Partnership Act does not apply to Hindu Joint Families, as these are based on status, not contract. The court emphasized that a Karta’s acknowledgment of debt cannot extend the statut