Section 17

Section 17 lets an arbitral tribunal freeze assets, restrain alienation and secure the amount in dispute, and since 2015 those orders are enforced as court orders. The scope, the trinity test, the limits, and how tribunal relief compares to Section 9 court relief.

Section 27(5) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 lets a court punish contempt of an arbitral tribunal, but only on the tribunal's representation and only for wilful default. The defences a respondent can raise, from procedural prerequisites to strict construction and natural justice.

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, governs admissions under Sections 15-21, defining them as oral, written, or electronic statements relevant to legal disputes. It balances evidentiary value with fairness, addressing admissibility, relevance, and confidentiality.