The doctrine of transferred malice holds that intent to harm one person applies even if another is harmed instead. Recognized under Section 301 IPC (now Section 102 BNS), it ensures criminal liability despite unintended victims.

Judicial notice under the Bharatiya Sakshaya Adhiniyam, 2023, enables courts to recognize facts universally accepted or easily verifiable without formal proof, such as laws, treaties, or public holidays. This promotes efficiency while ensuring fairness in legal proceedings.

Novus Actus Interveniens is a legal doctrine that breaks the chain of causation, relieving a defendant of liability when an unforeseeable, independent act intervenes between their action and the resulting harm.