columns
Understanding Cyber Laws in the Globalised world: from the Budapest treaty to the UN
In the digital era, cyber laws safeguard security, privacy, and governance. Global treaties like the Budapest Convention and UN Cybercrime Convention aim to combat cyber threats, balancing sovereignty and cooperation. India upholds sovereignty while evolving its cyber laws.
columns
Understanding Cyber Laws in the Globalised world: from the Budapest treaty to the UN
In the digital era, cyber laws safeguard security, privacy, and governance. Global treaties like the Budapest Convention and UN Cybercrime Convention aim to combat cyber threats, balancing sovereignty and cooperation. India upholds sovereignty while evolving its cyber laws.
case-study
Case Study: Germany v. Polland (The Chorzow Factory case)
The Chorzow Factory case (1927) established that unlawful expropriation by a state requires full reparation, restoring the injured party to its original position or providing compensation, setting a precedent in international law on state responsibility.
lex-o-pedia
What is an Umbrella Clause?
An umbrella clause in investment treaties mandates host states to honor commitments related to investments, elevating breaches of local obligations to international disputes. It enhances investor protection, though its scope and applicability remain debated in arbitration.
