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Latest articles

India-RBI

196 to 43: The RRB Amalgamation Story

See also: [Related: Regional Rural Banks — The Complete Regulatory Timeline] | [Related: The Sponsor Bank Problem]

Sushant Shukla· ·3 min read
India-RBI

The Sponsor Bank Problem in Regional Rural Banking

See also: [Related: Regional Rural Banks — The Complete Regulatory Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·4 min read
India-RBI

Regional Rural Banks: The Complete Regulatory Timeline

Every RRB has a sponsor — a commercial bank that holds 35% equity, provides management support, seconds officers, and bears ultimate responsibility for the RRB's viability. The Government of India holds 50%, and the concerned state government holds 15%.

Sushant Shukla· ·6 min read
India-RBI

UCB Lending, Investment & Deposit Norms

The pattern across all three is identical: liberality in the early 2000s, a series of shocks (the government securities fraud of 2002, the global financial crisis of 2008, the PMC collapse of 2019), and reactive tightening that eventually produced the comprehensive 2025 Master Directions.

Sushant Shukla· ·6 min read
India-RBI

Rural Co-ops: StCBs, DCCBs, and NABARD Supervision

See also: [Related: Co-operative Banks in India — The Complete Regulatory Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·3 min read
India-RBI

Co-operative Banks Regulation: The Complete Timeline

This article traces the complete regulatory arc — 2,206 notifications across 17 sub-topics — from the liberal licensing era of the early 2000s through the crisis and into the reformed framework that governs India's 1,500+ co-operative banks today.

Sushant Shukla· ·19 min read
India-RBI

Authorised Dealer Operations: The Complete Operational Framework

Every A.P. (DIR Series) circular and related notification directed to authorised dealers under FEMA, in chronological order.

Sushant Shukla· ·6 min read
India-RBI

Foreign Portfolio Investment: FII to FPI Transition & Debt Limits

See also: [Related: Foreign Exchange Regulation in India — The Complete Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·6 min read
India-RBI

Export & Import Forex Regulations: Realisation, Payment & Trade Credit

See also: [Related: Foreign Exchange Regulation in India — The Complete Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·5 min read
India-RBI

Forex Derivatives & Hedging: Product Framework & User Categories

See also: [Related: Foreign Exchange Regulation in India — The Complete Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·6 min read
India-RBI

NRI Accounts, Deposits & Property: The Complete Regulatory Guide

Alongside deposits, the regime governs NRI acquisition and transfer of immovable property in India — a separate but closely linked chain of 68 circulars.

Sushant Shukla· ·5 min read
India-RBI

External Commercial Borrowings: Framework, Limits & Evolution

See also: [Related: Foreign Exchange Regulation in India — The Complete Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·4 min read
India-RBI

FDI Liberalisation in India: Sector Caps, Routes & Policy Evolution

Each circular below is a policy decision with winners and losers. Each verbatim quote is drawn from the original RBI document on CDN.

Sushant Shukla· ·6 min read
India-RBI

Foreign Exchange & FEMA: The Complete Regulatory Timeline

Between those two laws and the 2,446 RBI circulars and FEMA notifications that operationalized them lies the complete story of India's integration into the global financial system. This is that story.

Sushant Shukla· ·16 min read
India-RBI

Digital KYC: Aadhaar, Video KYC, and the Central KYC Registry

See also: [Related: KYC & Anti-Money Laundering — The Complete Regulatory Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·7 min read
Singapore

ABUTHAHIR S/O ABDUL GAFOOR, THE PRIVATE TRUSTEE IN BANKRUPTCY OF THE ESTATE OF APARNA DONTI (A BANKRUPT) v BANGKOK BANK PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED

in the Official Assignee’s Bankruptcy Estate Account pending the court’s determination of the application. The funding agreement 21 Three of Aparna’s creditors, IOB, OCBC and the defendant (the “Funding Creditors”), agreed to fund the present application by the Private Trustee on the following te

Sushant Shukla· ·14 min read
India-RBI

FATF Compliance: Deficient Jurisdictions and the Relay Chain

See also: [Related: KYC & Anti-Money Laundering — The Complete Regulatory Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·4 min read
India-RBI

Counter-Terrorism Financing & UNSC Sanctions: The RBI Compliance Chain

See also: [Related: KYC & Anti-Money Laundering — The Complete Regulatory Timeline]

Sushant Shukla· ·6 min read
India-RBI

KYC and Anti-Money Laundering in India: The Complete Regulatory Timeline

India's KYC/AML regulatory framework operates through a layered hierarchy.

Sushant Shukla· ·27 min read
Singapore

Suria Shaik Aziz

in Re Wong Wai Loong Sean and other matters [2022] SGHC 237 (“Re Wong Wai Loong Sean”) and Re Tay Jie Qi and another matter [2023] SGHC 59 (“Re Tay Jie Qi”), the central inquiry in admission applications, where there is no question as to the applicant’s competence or qualifications, is whether t

Sushant Shukla· ·17 min read
Singapore

Aaquaverse Pte. Ltd.

n Act 2018 Aaquaverse Pte Ltd … Applicant Originating Application No 647 of 2022 In the Matter of Section 65 of the Insolvency, Restructuring and Dissolution Act 2018 Aaqua BV … Applicant Originating Application No 648 of 2022 In the Matter of Section 65 of the Insolvency, Restructuring and Disso

Sushant Shukla· ·13 min read
Singapore

Ang Kong Meng v Lim Teck Boon and Another

would have sold the factory premises in Singapore (held on a 30 year lease from 1984 with an option for a further term of 30 years) before the downturn in the property market sometime in late 1997. The assistant registrar assessed this loss to the plaintiff at $50,000 to compensate him for his loss

Sushant Shukla· ·16 min read
Singapore

CHAN TAM HOI @ PAUL CHAN v WANG JIAN

Summary of the applicable principles in relation to ascertaining the existence of an oral agreement ..............30 (D) Ascertaining the terms of an oral agreement....................30 (2) Application to the present case ...................................................31 (A) The relevant docum

Sushant Shukla· ·21 min read
Singapore

CXN v CXO & Anor

And (1) CXO (2) Chui Jin Hua Vincent … Defendants JUDGMENT [Tort — Negligence — Duty of care] [Tort — Negligence — Breach of duty] [Tort — Negligence — Apportionment of liability] Version No 1: 13 Dec 2022 (11:27 hrs) i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.................................................

Sushant Shukla· ·20 min read