In the digital era, cyber laws safeguard security, privacy, and governance. Global treaties like the Budapest Convention and UN Cybercrime Convention aim to combat cyber threats, balancing sovereignty and cooperation. India upholds sovereignty while evolving its cyber laws.

Unauthorized access, commonly known as cyber espionage, poses a major global threat to privacy. It has led to incidents like the 2024 Russian cyberattack on Ukraine and the 2023 Pegasus spyware case, among others, highlighting its widespread impact.