The Burden of Proof under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 places the responsibility on the party asserting a fact to provide evidence supporting it. Sections 104-114 govern this obligation, ensuring fairness in legal proceedings by preventing baseless claims.

स्थानांतरण संपत्ति अधिनियम, 1882 की धारा 52 के तहत लिस पेंडेंस का सिद्धांत यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि लंबित न्यायिक विवाद में शामिल किसी संपत्ति का हस्तांतरण न हो, जिससे न्यायिक परिणामों की सुरक्षा हो और तीसरे पक्ष के अधिकारों का हस्तक्षेप न हो।

A contract of indemnity involves one party promising to compensate another for losses caused by their own or a third party’s actions. In contrast, a contract of guarantee involves a third party (the surety) ensuring the debtor's obligations are fulfilled.

Originality is fundamental to copyright law, ensuring protection for creative works. Courts assess originality through various tests, such as the "sweat of the brow" doctrine, the "modicum of creativity" test, and the "skill and judgment" test, balancing effort and creativity.

Copyright protects creators' original works, granting exclusive rights over reproduction, distribution, and public performance. In India, registration under the Copyright Act, 1957 ensures legal protection, ownership, and opportunities for revenue generation.

Research design is the blueprint for planning and conducting studies, ensuring clear objectives, reliable methodologies, and valid data. It aids in clarifying research questions, guiding methodologies, ensuring ethical considerations, and enhancing credibility.

संपत्ति हस्तांतरण अधिनियम, 1882 की धारा 41 प्रत्यक्ष स्वामी के सिद्धांत को स्थापित करती है। यह निर्दोष खरीदारों को सुरक्षा प्रदान करती है, बशर्ते उन्होंने उचित सावधानी बरती हो और हस्तांतरण सप्रतिफल हो। इससे संपत्ति लेन-देन में स्थिरता आती है।

Copyright infringement occurs when a copyrighted work is used without authorization, violating the owner's exclusive rights. Remedies under the Copyright Act, 1957 include civil, criminal, and administrative measures, ensuring robust legal protection for creators.

Formulating a research problem involves identifying a specific issue, analyzing gaps in knowledge, and defining objectives. A good research problem is clear, researchable, significant, and feasible, serving as the foundation for systematic inquiry.

संपत्ति हस्तांतरण अधिनियम, 1882 की धारा 53 के तहत यदि हस्तांतरण लेनदारों को धोखा देने या उनके दावे विफल करने के उद्देश्य से किया गया हो, तो यह शून्यकरणीय होगा। सद्भावनापूर्वक और प्रतिफल के लिए किए गए हस्तांतरण इस नियम से अपवाद हैं।

Copyright law safeguards creators' rights but raises complexities in ownership and duration. Ownership varies with authorship, work-for-hire, or licensing. Duration ensures protection for 60 years post-creation or an author's life, balancing rights and public access.

Novation, under Section 62 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, allows the substitution of an existing contract with a new one, either by altering terms or replacing parties. It discharges the original contract, creating fresh obligations through mutual consent of all parties involved.

The doctrine of fair use balances copyright protection with public interest, enabling transformative uses like criticism, education, and parody. Both U.S. and Indian frameworks ensure creativity thrives while safeguarding creators’ rights against market harm.

The concepts of "Hurt" and "Grievous Hurt," defined under Sections 319 and 320 IPC (now Sections 114 and 116 of BNS, 2024), differ in severity. Hurt involves bodily pain or infirmity, while grievous hurt includes serious injuries like emasculation, fractures, or life endangerment.

The freedom of the press in India, implicit under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution, is vital for democracy. While it empowers open dialogue, it is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) to ensure public order, security, and individual rights.

Media law in India governs the regulation of media activities, balancing freedom of expression with necessary restrictions. Its evolution spans from ancient India to the colonial era, culminating in post-independence legislation ensuring responsible media practices.

Advertising intersects with the right to freedom of speech, protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. Courts have ruled that commercial speech is fundamental, yet regulations must ensure ethical standards, consumer protection, and balanced freedoms.

संपत्ति कानून में सशर्त हस्तांतरण का तात्पर्य ऐसे लेनदेन से है, जो किसी शर्त की पूर्ति पर निर्भर करते हैं। शर्तें वैध, कानूनी, नैतिक और संभव होनी चाहिए। यह अवधारणा संपत्ति लेनदेन को विशिष्ट आवश्यकताओं और परिस्थितियों के अनुसार ढालने में सहायक है।

This article examines the intricate balance between freedom of speech and judicial authority in India, focusing on contempt of court laws. It highlights the interplay of constitutional rights, judicial powers, and the need for reforms to align with democratic principles.

संपत्ति हस्तांतरण अधिनियम, 1882 की धारा 13 अजन्मे व्यक्ति के लाभ के लिए संपत्ति हस्तांतरण की अनुमति देती है। इसके तहत, संपत्ति में पूर्विक जीवन हित सृजित होना चाहिए, और अजन्मे व्यक्ति को पूर्ण हित केवल उसके जन्म के बाद ही प्राप्त होता है।

Parliamentary privileges and freedom of speech are essential to democratic governance. They ensure MPs can perform duties without undue interference. However, these rights must be balanced with accountability to prevent misuse and uphold public trust in democratic institutions.

The Hot News Doctrine protects time-sensitive information like breaking news or live sports updates from unauthorized use. While recognized in the U.S. under cases like NBA v. Motorola, its application in India relies on common law, facing challenges in a digital age.

The evolution of copyright law now includes protection for computer-generated works, though challenges persist, especially with AI-created content. Questions about originality, human authorship, and ownership highlight the need to adapt laws to modern technological realities.

The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation ensures fairness in governance by protecting individuals' reasonable expectations arising from administrative promises or practices. Balancing trust and accountability, it prevents arbitrary actions while respecting public interest.

Performers' rights under copyright law recognize the contributions of artists like actors, musicians, and dancers. These rights offer protections against unauthorized use, ensure fair compensation, and uphold moral rights, enhancing their creative and economic interests.