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From Inspector Raj to a Modern Regulatory State NITI Aayog’s Push for Reform
NITI Aayog's 2025 blueprint targets India's "Inspector Raj"—colonial permissions evolved into postcolonial controls. From Nehru's planning to post-1991 delays, regs fostered dependence. Reforms advocate risk-based approvals, self-certification & digital trust to spur innovation beyond bureaucracy.
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From Inspector Raj to a Modern Regulatory State NITI Aayog’s Push for Reform
Anish Sinha
litt
How LITT AI Helps Lawyers, Advocates—and Everyone Else
Legal Wires
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Fair Use or Foul Play? The Legal Boundaries of AI Learning in the Age of Copyright
Anish Sinha
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Registration Is Not Ownership: The Supreme Court’s Gopi Verdict and the Future of Property Law in India
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SC: Judiciary Must Recognize Gender-Specific Challenges Faced by Women Officers
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Legal Wires

SC: Judiciary Must Recognize Gender-Specific Challenges Faced by Women Officers

The Supreme Court reinstated two women judicial officers in Madhya Pradesh, emphasizing the need for a gender-sensitive work environment. Justice Nagarathna highlighted the challenges faced by women in judiciary.
SC: Judiciary Must Recognize Gender-Specific Challenges Faced by Women Officers
buzz
Legal Wires
SC: Judiciary Must Recognize Gender-Specific Challenges Faced by Women Officers
The Supreme Court reinstated two women judicial officers in Madhya Pradesh, emphasizing the need for a gender-sensitive work environment. Justice Nagarathna highlighted the challenges faced by women in judiciary.
Five-Year Legal Battle Ends: Kangna Ranaut Unconditionally Withdraws Remarks Against Jawed Akhtar in Defamation Case
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Legal Wires
Five-Year Legal Battle Ends: Kangna Ranaut Unconditionally Withdraws Remarks Against Jawed Akhtar in Defamation Case
Kangana Ranaut has unconditionally apologised to Javed Akhtar for defamatory remarks made in a 2020 interview. The Bollywood actor withdrew her statements, leading Akhtar to withdraw his complaint.
SC to Civic Bodies: Explain How Manual Scavenging Deaths Persist Despite Ban in Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad
buzz
Legal Wires
SC to Civic Bodies: Explain How Manual Scavenging Deaths Persist Despite Ban in Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad
The Supreme Court has summoned officials from Delhi, Kolkata & Hyderabad over deaths due to manual scavenging, questioning why the practice persists despite claims of its eradication.
Supreme Court Rules: Customs Officers Must Meet Stricter ‘Reasons to Believe’ Standard Before Arresting Suspects
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Legal Wires
Supreme Court Rules: Customs Officers Must Meet Stricter ‘Reasons to Believe’ Standard Before Arresting Suspects
The Supreme Court of India has delineated the arrest powers of customs officers, emphasizing that they are distinct from police officers and are required to meet a higher standard of 'reasons to believe' before proceeding with an arrest."
Public Servant Prosecution Cannot Proceed Without Valid Sanction, Rejects 'Deemed Sanction' Argument Under Section 197 CrPC
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Legal Wires
Public Servant Prosecution Cannot Proceed Without Valid Sanction, Rejects 'Deemed Sanction' Argument Under Section 197 CrPC
The Supreme Court rules there is no concept of deemed sanction under Section 197 CrPC, emphasizing that public servants cannot be prosecuted without valid sanction from the competent authority.
Supreme Court Strikes Down Legislative Immunity, Allows Judicial Review of Bihar Council’s Expulsion of RJD MLC Sunil Kumar Singh
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Legal Wires
Supreme Court Strikes Down Legislative Immunity, Allows Judicial Review of Bihar Council’s Expulsion of RJD MLC Sunil Kumar Singh
The Supreme Court rules that legislative decisions, even if made by committees, are subject to judicial review, ensuring that legislative actions affecting fundamental rights are scrutinized.
SC Reverses Expulsion of Sunil Kumar Singh from Bihar Legislative Council, Emphasizes Proportionality and Fairness in Legislative Disciplinary Actions
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Legal Wires
SC Reverses Expulsion of Sunil Kumar Singh from Bihar Legislative Council, Emphasizes Proportionality and Fairness in Legislative Disciplinary Actions
The Supreme Court has set a precedent for proportional punishment for misconduct by legislative members, emphasizing the importance of balancing fairness and legislative integrity in its recent judgment on RJD MLC’s expulsion.
Jeweler Acquitted by Supreme Court in ₹6.7 Crore Fraud, Cites Lack of Knowledge Regarding Stolen Property, Gold Bars Returned
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Legal Wires
Jeweler Acquitted by Supreme Court in ₹6.7 Crore Fraud, Cites Lack of Knowledge Regarding Stolen Property, Gold Bars Returned
The Supreme Court acquitted jeweler Nandkumar Babulal Soni in a ₹6.7 crore fraud case, ruling that mere possession of stolen gold bars doesn’t warrant conviction without proof of knowledge or involvement.
Supreme Court Declines to Intervene in Bangladesh, Dismisses PIL Seeking Indian Government Action for Hindu Minorities
buzz
Legal Wires
Supreme Court Declines to Intervene in Bangladesh, Dismisses PIL Seeking Indian Government Action for Hindu Minorities
The Supreme Court dismissed a PIL seeking protection for Hindus in Bangladesh, citing non-interference in foreign affairs. The petitioner was advised to approach the Government for assistance
case-study
Case Study: Rejanish K.V. v. K. Deepa
case-study
Anish Sinha

Case Study: Rejanish K.V. v. K. Deepa

The Supreme Court in Rejanish K.V. v. K. Deepa (2025) held that judicial officers with seven years of prior advocacy are eligible for direct recruitment as District Judges under Article 233(2), overruling Dheeraj Mor and affirming equality in eligibility.
Case Study: Rejanish K.V. v. K. Deepa
case-study
Anish Sinha
Case Study: Rejanish K.V. v. K. Deepa
The Supreme Court in Rejanish K.V. v. K. Deepa (2025) held that judicial officers with seven years of prior advocacy are eligible for direct recruitment as District Judges under Article 233(2), overruling Dheeraj Mor and affirming equality in eligibility.
Case Study: Sri Hansraj Koley v. The Secretary, Labour Department and Others
case-study
Nishant Singh Rawat
Case Study: Sri Hansraj Koley v. The Secretary, Labour Department and Others
In Sri Hansraj Koley v. The Secretary, Labour Department (WPA 10043 of 2025), Calcutta HC held guest faculty not a "workman" under Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, as they are not regularly employed and receive honorarium, not wages, dismissing the writ petition.
Case Study: Philip Morris v. Uruguay
case-study
Harish Khan
Case Study: Philip Morris v. Uruguay
The Philip Morris v. Uruguay case reaffirmed states' rights to regulate in the public interest, particularly for health measures. The ICSID tribunal ruled that Uruguay's tobacco regulations did not constitute expropriation or unfair treatment, setting a key precedent.
Case Study: Siemens A.G. v. The Argentine Republic
case-study
Harish Khan
Case Study: Siemens A.G. v. The Argentine Republic
The Siemens v. Argentina case reaffirmed investor protections under BITs, ruling Argentina’s termination of Siemens’ contract as unlawful expropriation. The ICSID tribunal awarded Siemens over $217 million, reinforcing fair treatment and state obligations in investment disputes.
Case Study: SD Myers v. Canada
case-study
Harish Khan
Case Study: SD Myers v. Canada
The SD Myers v. Canada case set key precedents in NAFTA arbitration, clarifying national treatment, minimum standard of treatment, and damages in non-expropriation cases. The Tribunal found Canada's PCB export ban discriminatory, awarding SDMI CAN$6 million in compensation.
Case Study: Metalclad Corp. v. United Mexican States
case-study
Harish Khan
Case Study: Metalclad Corp. v. United Mexican States
Metalclad v. Mexico highlights indirect expropriation under NAFTA, where regulatory actions deprived an investor of economic use. The tribunal ruled in favor of Metalclad, awarding $16.5M, but a Canadian court partially annulled the decision, limiting its scope.
Case Study: Tecnicas Medioambientales Tacmed S.A. (Tecmed) v. Mexico
case-study
Harish Khan
Case Study: Tecnicas Medioambientales Tacmed S.A. (Tecmed) v. Mexico
The Tecmed v. Mexico case (ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/00/2) established that politically motivated regulatory actions can constitute expropriation. The tribunal ruled that Mexico’s refusal to renew a landfill permit violated investor protections, awarding $5.5M in damages.
Case Study: The State of Madhya Pradesh v. Balveer Singh
case-study
Anish Sinha
Case Study: The State of Madhya Pradesh v. Balveer Singh
The Supreme Court ruled that a child witness’s credible and consistent testimony can form the sole basis for conviction without corroboration. It held that mere delay in recording the statement does not render it unreliable, reaffirming legal standards for child testimony.
Case Study: Germany v. Polland (The Chorzow Factory case)
case-study
Harish Khan
Case Study: Germany v. Polland (The Chorzow Factory case)
The Chorzow Factory case (1927) established that unlawful expropriation by a state requires full reparation, restoring the injured party to its original position or providing compensation, setting a precedent in international law on state responsibility.
columns
columns
Anish Sinha

From Inspector Raj to a Modern Regulatory State NITI Aayog’s Push for Reform

NITI Aayog's 2025 blueprint targets India's "Inspector Raj"—colonial permissions evolved into postcolonial controls. From Nehru's planning to post-1991 delays, regs fostered dependence. Reforms advocate risk-based approvals, self-certification & digital trust to spur innovation beyond bureaucracy.
columns
Anish Sinha
From Inspector Raj to a Modern Regulatory State NITI Aayog’s Push for Reform
NITI Aayog's 2025 blueprint targets India's "Inspector Raj"—colonial permissions evolved into postcolonial controls. From Nehru's planning to post-1991 delays, regs fostered dependence. Reforms advocate risk-based approvals, self-certification & digital trust to spur innovation beyond bureaucracy.
columns
Anish Sinha, Nishant Singh Rawat
The Supreme Court’s Red Line on Environmental Oversight
In T.N. Godavarman case, SC sets constitutional boundary: Govt can't dissolve CEC sans court nod. This judicially born, statutorily backed panel upholds unbiased eco-monitoring against exec erosion.
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Anish Sinha
India's Labour Law Leap: Four Codes Go Live on November 21, 2025
India's four Labour Codes launch today, Nov 21, 2025—merging 29 old laws into one modern framework. Gig protections, floor wages, safety upgrades, and retrenchment ease boost workers. But state rules and digital divides loom large.
Fair Use or Foul Play? The Legal Boundaries of AI Learning in the Age of Copyright
columns
Anish Sinha
Fair Use or Foul Play? The Legal Boundaries of AI Learning in the Age of Copyright
In Bartz v. Anthropic (2025), a U.S. court ruled AI training on lawfully purchased books is fair use, but using pirated copies is not. The decision balances innovation with copyright, affirming machines can learn lawfully with consent and transformative intent.
Registration Is Not Ownership: The Supreme Court’s Gopi Verdict and the Future of Property Law in India
columns
Nishant Singh Rawat, Anish Sinha
Registration Is Not Ownership: The Supreme Court’s Gopi Verdict and the Future of Property Law in India
The Supreme Court in K Gopi v. Sub-Registrar struck down Tamil Nadu’s Rule 55-A(i) for overstepping the Registration Act, reaffirming that Sub-Registrars can’t assess title—only courts can. It’s a landmark on delegated power and property rights.
Reinstating Practice: Evaluating the Judicial Entry Framework in India and Comparative Jurisdictions
columns
Anish Sinha
Reinstating Practice: Evaluating the Judicial Entry Framework in India and Comparative Jurisdictions
The Supreme Court of India reinstated a 3-year legal practice requirement for entry-level judicial posts, emphasizing the need for real-world experience to enhance judicial competence. This aligns India with common law traditions, prioritizing practical wisdom.
Soaring High: How GIFT City is Making India a Global Aircraft Leasing Powerhouse
columns
Anish Sinha
Soaring High: How GIFT City is Making India a Global Aircraft Leasing Powerhouse
GIFT City is transforming India into a global aircraft leasing hub, reducing reliance on foreign lessors. With tax exemptions, regulatory clarity, and flexible leasing models, it’s driving economic resilience and aviation growth, positioning India to own the skies.
Counting for Justice: India’s Caste Census and the Road to Equality
columns
Anish Sinha
Counting for Justice: India’s Caste Census and the Road to Equality
India's caste census, the first since 1931, aims to refine welfare and affirmative action but risks deepening divisions. Balancing equity and unity, it tests India's democratic resolve to use data for justice without fueling identity politics.
The Indus Waters Treaty: A Detailed Examination of Its Origins, Current Crisis, and Future Implications
columns
Anish Sinha
The Indus Waters Treaty: A Detailed Examination of Its Origins, Current Crisis, and Future Implications
India’s suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty after the 2025 Pahalgam attack escalates tensions with Pakistan. The move risks water security, regional stability, and sets a dangerous precedent for transboundary rivers, urging dialogue to avert crisis.
lex-o-pedia
What is the impact of Globalization on Investment Law?
lex-o-pedia
Rashmi Acharya

What is the impact of Globalization on Investment Law?

Globalization has transformed investment law, shaping foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, regulatory frameworks, and investor protections. Bilateral treaties, dispute mechanisms, and economic integration reflect the evolving legal landscape of cross-border investments.
What is the impact of Globalization on Investment Law?
lex-o-pedia
Rashmi Acharya
What is the impact of Globalization on Investment Law?
Globalization has transformed investment law, shaping foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, regulatory frameworks, and investor protections. Bilateral treaties, dispute mechanisms, and economic integration reflect the evolving legal landscape of cross-border investments.
What is the role of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)?
lex-o-pedia
Rashmi Acharya
What is the role of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)?
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) provides a neutral forum for resolving disputes between states and foreign investors. Established in 1966 under the ICSID Convention, it ensures impartial arbitration and conciliation, fostering investment stability.
What are Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITS)?
lex-o-pedia
Rashmi Acharya
What are Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITS)?
Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) are agreements between two states that protect foreign investors by ensuring fair treatment, preventing expropriation, and providing dispute resolution mechanisms.
What is Expropriation under International Investment Laws?
lex-o-pedia
Harish Khan
What is Expropriation under International Investment Laws?
Expropriation in international investment law is the compulsory taking of foreign investors' assets by a host state, balancing sovereign rights with investment protection. It includes direct and indirect forms, requiring fair compensation and due process.
What is GATT and the WTO?
lex-o-pedia
Harish Khan
What is GATT and the WTO?
The WTO evolved from GATT to better address global trade challenges, expand trade rules to services and intellectual property, and establish a stronger dispute resolution system, ensuring fairness and predictability in international trade.
What is the Doctrine of Regulatory Taking in International Investment Law?
lex-o-pedia
Harish Khan
What is the Doctrine of Regulatory Taking in International Investment Law?
The regulatory taking doctrine in international investment law mandates compensation when state regulations significantly impact investments, even without formal expropriation, balancing sovereign regulation and investor protection.
What is Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Law?
lex-o-pedia
Harish Khan
What is Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Law?
Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) ensures stability, transparency, and non-discrimination in investment law. It protects investors' legitimate expectations and prevents arbitrary actions. Its evolving interpretation impacts global investment disputes and treaty practices.
What is Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) Treatment in Investment Treaties?
lex-o-pedia
Harish Khan
What is Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) Treatment in Investment Treaties?
Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) treatment ensures foreign investors receive treatment no less favorable than investors from other nations. While promoting non-discrimination, its application in dispute resolution and substantive protections remains debated in investment law.
What is an Umbrella Clause?
lex-o-pedia
Harish Khan
What is an Umbrella Clause?
An umbrella clause in investment treaties mandates host states to honor commitments related to investments, elevating breaches of local obligations to international disputes. It enhances investor protection, though its scope and applicability remain debated in arbitration.
glossary
Legal Maxim: Novus Actus Interveniens
glossary
Akash Srivastava

Legal Maxim: Novus Actus Interveniens

Novus Actus Interveniens is a legal doctrine that breaks the chain of causation, relieving a defendant of liability when an unforeseeable, independent act intervenes between their action and the resulting harm.
Legal Maxim: Novus Actus Interveniens
glossary
Akash Srivastava
Legal Maxim: Novus Actus Interveniens
Novus Actus Interveniens is a legal doctrine that breaks the chain of causation, relieving a defendant of liability when an unforeseeable, independent act intervenes between their action and the resulting harm.
Legal Maxim: De minimis non curat lex
glossary
Sujal Kesharwani
Legal Maxim: De minimis non curat lex
“De minimis non curat lex,” a Latin maxim meaning “The law does not concern itself with trifles,” signifies that courts should not waste time on minor, insignificant matters. Originating from Roman law, this principle is reflected in Section 95 of the Indian Penal Code, which prevents penalizing tri
Legal Maxim: Suppressio Veri or Suggestio Falsi
glossary
Sahil Kumar
Legal Maxim: Suppressio Veri or Suggestio Falsi
The legal maxim “suppressio veri or suggestio falsi” signifies that the suppression of truth is equivalent to the suggestion of falsehood. This principle holds that if either the omission of relevant facts or the presentation of false information regarding a material fact in a contract can be proven
Legal Maxim: Noscitur a Sociis
glossary
Sahil Kumar
Legal Maxim: Noscitur a Sociis
The legal maxim “Noscitur a Sociis” means “it is known by its associates.” This doctrine asserts that the meaning of an unclear word in a statute or contract should be determined by the words surrounding it. It emphasizes context, ensuring the interpretation aligns with the document’s overall intent
Glossary: Nemo Debet Esse Judex In Propria Sua Causa
glossary
Disha Bhardwaj
Glossary: Nemo Debet Esse Judex In Propria Sua Causa
“Nemo debet esse judex in propria sua causa” is a Latin legal maxim meaning “no one should be a judge in their own cause.” This principle ensures fairness and impartiality in legal proceedings by preventing conflicts of interest. It upholds the integrity of the judicial system by guaranteeing that d
Glossary: Allegans Contraria Non Est Audiendus
glossary
Sahil Kumar
Glossary: Allegans Contraria Non Est Audiendus
“Allegans contraria non est audiendus,” a Latin legal maxim, translates to “a person alleging contradictory facts is not to be heard.” This principle emphasizes consistency in legal arguments, asserting that one cannot present conflicting statements or claims within the same case. It is fundamental
Vakalatnama
glossary
Floren Kesharwani
Vakalatnama
A Vakalatnama is a legal document authorizing an advocate to represent a client in a court of law. It grants the lawyer the power to act on behalf of the client, including filing suits, attending hearings, and signing pleadings. Typically, the client signs the Vakalatnama, and it is submitted to the
Legal Maxim: Actori Incumbit Onus Probandi
glossary
Fazila Khan
Legal Maxim: Actori Incumbit Onus Probandi
Actori Incumbit Onus Probandi, a Latin legal maxim, means “the burden of proof lies on the plaintiff.” The burden of proof requires the plaintiff to establish the facts of the case to the requisite standard of proof, typically “beyond a reasonable doubt” in criminal cases and “preponderance of evide
Legal Maxim: Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius
glossary
Paridhi Tiwari
Legal Maxim: Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius
xpressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius is a legal maxim meaning “the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.” It is used in statutory interpretation to infer that if a law explicitly mentions certain items, other items not mentioned are excluded.
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