Warship Sovereignty and sinking IRIS Dena

The sinking of Iran's IRIS Dena by a U.S. submarine in the Indian Ocean—post-MILAN 2026 exercises—challenges maritime sovereignty, UNCLOS immunity, and self-defense under Article 51. This rare peacetime strike risks eroding trust in shared seas and naval norms.

Transitional Justice in Rwanda: The Role of Gacaca Courts

Rwanda's Gacaca courts were a unique transitional justice mechanism aimed at addressing the 1994 genocide. These community-based courts prioritized reconciliation over retribution, fostering dialogue and healing. Despite criticism, they played a crucial role in post-genocide justice.