Novus Actus Interveniens is a legal doctrine that breaks the chain of causation, relieving a defendant of liability when an unforeseeable, independent act intervenes between their action and the resulting harm.

In tort law, joint tortfeasors are individuals who collectively cause harm, sharing full liability, while independent tortfeasors act separately, each bearing responsibility only for their actions. Indian courts, lacking specific statutory guidance, rely on common law to distinguish between them. Jo

General defences in tort law allow a defendant to avoid liability despite the occurrence of a tort, based on specific legal justifications. These defences, such as volenti non fit injuria (consent to risk), inevitable accident, and statutory authority, balance fairness by protecting individuals from

The concept of capacity to sue and be sued in tort law defines who can initiate or defend against a civil suit for wrongful acts. While generally all individuals possess this right, certain exceptions exist based on legal disabilities, such as minors, lunatics, foreign sovereigns, and corporations.