The principles of necessity and proportionality in IHL limit warfare by balancing military objectives with humanitarian concerns. Rooted in treaties and customary law, they ensure that force is essential and proportionate, preventing excessive harm to civilians.

The regulatory taking doctrine in international investment law mandates compensation when state regulations significantly impact investments, even without formal expropriation, balancing sovereign regulation and investor protection.

The doctrine of regulatory taking in international investment law ensures compensation when state regulations significantly impact foreign investments, even without formal expropriation. Balancing sovereign regulation and investor rights remains a key challenge.

International investment law governs foreign investments, balancing investor rights with state regulatory powers. It involves IIAs, arbitration mechanisms, and standards like fair treatment and non-discrimination, while addressing public policy and sovereignty challenges.