Globalization has transformed investment law, shaping foreign direct investment (FDI) flows, regulatory frameworks, and investor protections. Bilateral treaties, dispute mechanisms, and economic integration reflect the evolving legal landscape of cross-border investments.

Sustainable development is reshaping international investment law, integrating environmental and social considerations into investment agreements. This article explores the evolution of IIAs, sustainability provisions, key challenges, case studies, and future trends.

The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) provides a neutral forum for resolving disputes between states and foreign investors. Established in 1966 under the ICSID Convention, it ensures impartial arbitration and conciliation, fostering investment stability.

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) are agreements between two states that protect foreign investors by ensuring fair treatment, preventing expropriation, and providing dispute resolution mechanisms.

International investment law shapes economic policies in developing nations by attracting FDI while restricting regulatory sovereignty. While it fosters growth, it raises concerns over investor-state disputes, financial burdens, and environmental sustainability.