Contingent contracts, defined under Chapter III of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, depend on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future uncertain event. Key elements include the event’s uncertainty, lack of promisor control, and the presence of a collateral event. Enforceability is outlined in Sect

“Nemo debet esse judex in propria sua causa” is a Latin legal maxim meaning “no one should be a judge in their own cause.” This principle ensures fairness and impartiality in legal proceedings by preventing conflicts of interest. It upholds the integrity of the judicial system by guaranteeing that d

The Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the newly introduced Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) address the issue of furnishing false evidence comprehensively. Sections 191 to 195A of the IPC, and their corresponding provisions in the BNS, outline severe penalties for giving or fabricating false evidence. These s

Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, agreements in restraint of trade are generally void. Exceptions exist for reasonable agreements safeguarding goodwill and involving sale of a business. Such agreements must not impose undue restrictions beyond what is necessary to protect legitimate business inte

In the case of TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company Ltd. (TELCO) v. Assistant Commissioner of Commercial Taxes and Another (State of Bihar), TELCO challenged the assessment and demand of sales tax by the Assistant Commissioner. The Supreme Court of India ruled in favor of TELCO, holding that the

Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract is voidable if it involves a mistake. Mistakes can be of fact or law. A mistake of fact occurs when both parties are mistaken about a fact essential to the agreement, rendering the contract void. A mistake of law, on the other hand, does not invalidate

Volenti non fit injuria is a latin maxim which means “to a willing person, it’s not a wrong”. It implies that if someone willingly puts themselves in a position where harm might occur, they cannot later sue for any resulting damages. This doctrine is often used as a defence in personal injury cases